SLAVES AS RULERS

SLAVE DYNASTY: 

Qutub-ud-clamor Aibak was the general of Muhammad Ghori. He exited his general in the subcontinent and invested his energy in Central Asia. He passed on from a professional killer's knife. On the demise of Muhammad Ghori ,Aibak turn into the Sultan in 1206. He had vanquished the ranges in upper Ganga Valley and Gujrat. Aibak is still associated with his military abilities and liberality. He led for just five years and passed on. Another ex-slave Altamash succeeded him and turn into the sultan in 1211. He battle a considerable measure in his life. He managed for around twenty six years. He was a decent sultan. In the Indus Valley he confronted perilous assaults from the Mongols and uprisings from Muslim pioneers. He was one of the best leader of thirteenth century. He offered skilled individuals from everywhere throughout the world in his nation. He was aware and strong towards the Sufi researchers of his time.

RAZIA SULTANA:

Razia sultana was the girl of Sultan Altamash. She was exceptionally committed, savvy and a daring woman. She was not the same as different women in that time. She was an incredible warrior also. She battle for the prosperity of poor. She manage for around one year yet for this one year just she has done great works that she is currently administering the hearts of individuals. Individuals affection to find out about her past. She was the main young lady who have a place with slave administration and was so acclaimed among his people.Some individuals don't care for her since she used to wear men garments and does not wear veil.She used to battle like men along these lines she was not preferred by other individuals. She was just gifted young lady of Altamash.She was not preferred by his sibling also.She get to be sultan since his sibling was a lethargic and feckless man who was not ready to run the nation. Be that as it may, under her locale she keep the nation peaeful and all around represented. Nobles don't care for it that their Dehli sultanate is administered by a ladies who don't wear cover. When she was managing a rebellion in Punjab, a few nobles plotted against her and took her prisoner.She wedded to a negro slave,although she herselg have a place with a turkish family. Her slave was extremely unwavering to her dad and to her moreover. As Razia sultana and her better half Altuniyah fled to the combat zone. they were gotten and were killed by a band of criminals.

Imaginary painting of Razia Sultana

Forgotten grave of Great Razia Sultana

GHIAS-UD-DIN BALBAN: 

He was made slave as a kid by the Mongols.Then it was Altamash who bought him and later this guiltless tyke turn into the most intense pioneer and leader of Dehli.He was not a standard tyke. God had skilled him with such a variety of capacities. He was so savvy and had mettle that he bacame the main priest of Nasir-ud-commotion. At that point he assumed control as sultan himself.Balban was a decent broad and his most noteworthy accomplishment was to spare South Asia from the Mongols.He did it in a decent way.He met with the grandson of Chingiz Khan whose name was Hulagu. Furthermore, they concurred that he will keep Punjab. After that Mongols assaulted him again and executed his most loved child while they assaulted.

SALAH-UDI-DIN AYUBI

Salah-ud-din Ayubi was  the Sultan of Egypt. Salah ud din was very intelligent, cautious general and a kind ruler. Salah ud din was generous and kind to both his friends and enemies. His full name was Salah-ud-din yousaf ibn-e-yaqoob. 

His father name was Najam-ud-din Ayub. He was born in 1138 at the city of Tikrit, in Iraq. His son name was Al-Aziz. Salah ud din died on March 4,1193 . His place of death is  Damascus , a city of Sham. He rule the Egypt from 1174 to 1193. He is buried near Umvi Masjid (Mosque) in Damascus (Sham). He was one of the greatest generals of the world.He was given the charge of Egypt when he become the governor of army of Nur-ud-din Zangi in place of his uncle ( brother of his father). In 1174, he become the ruler after the death of pious leader Nur-ud-din Zangi. He participated in Crusadrs. He  fight bravely and with his intelligence and won the Jerusalem. Christians were afraid of him .He was a very simple and God-fearing man. In the third Crusader was, Christians fight back but they neither win back the holy city of Jerusalem nor they defeated Salah-ud-din in the battle. In greed, the kings, knights, leaders of Europe and many others raised up in the leadership of Richard and send a message to Salah-ud-din which say

“We, kings are in large numbers and you are alone, Go away and leave Jerusalem! Otherwise we will destroy you”

At this he simply put his hand on handle of sword and replied:

“The area of my Asia is large enough for your graves”

During war when Richard and Salah ud din were fighting Richard lost his horse,  salah ud din leave the fight and in the evening he sand a horse to him as a gift. And when Richard become ill during fight he came to him to see him .In third Crusader war he proved that he is the powerful leader in the world. There was a difference between Salah ud din and others kings of that time. These kings made others respect them due to their power but people respect salah ud din due to his god-fearinf attitude,his abilities and his good dealing with public. He exactly followed all the rules of Islam not only on his dealing but also in his common life. After winning third crusader war salah ud din received countless war booty. He divided the war booty in three parts. He gave one part to set the prisoners free, second part was given to the Madarsa and third part was divided among the army and poor peoples. He and his generals keep nothing. He ruled not only on Egypt but also on Falastine, Sham, Urdan and Labnan. And he also conquered Jerusalem. But when he died then he had no money to be used for his funeral. Debt was taken for his funeral. His funeral ceremony was very simple .Everyone was weeping over his death. The whole Damascus was silent and was in great shock. After his death it was found that he owns only a horse, one dinar and thirty six dirham and nothing else. It was his wish to perform Hajj. But his wished was never completed. These were the great leaders.    

THE OTTOMAN TURKS

OTTOMAN TURKS:
  The main turks were nomands moving westwards from focal Asia. Turks were astounding fearless and great horsemen and bowmen and magnificent contenders. One gathering from the Turkish gathering was the suljuk bunch that made their own particular little domain in Western Asia. Ther were bold and great warriors, they vigorously vanquished the Byzantine armed force at Manzikarit in 1071. In any case, whan Mongols battle with the Suljuk gathering and vanquished them then another Turkish gathering, the Ottoman turks went ahead the scene. Osman was the main pioneer of this gathering so that is the reason they were named Ottoman turks or known as Usmani Sultanate. They were incredible contenders and they vanquished the Byzantine armed force numerous time and it was the reson that the general population from various zones joined their armed force and were glad for it.
The Ottoman Turks continue battling and the pioneer Mehmet "The Conqueror" won the Trebizond and made the Black ocean a Turkish lake. They were awesome muslim pioneers. They had every one of the qualities that an extraordinary pioneer ought to have. Selim 1 was another daring pioneer. He controlled just for a long time however in these eight years he done magnificent works like the one battling with the Mamelukes of Egypt and brought the sacred urban communities of Makkah and Madinah into Ottoman Empire. After him, name of sultan Suleiman come in our psyche .He was a lion warmed man .His brain was sharp and he know how to hold his armed force in his hand.He was additionally an extraordinary warrior. He was more than a warrior. He was the leader of four landmasses. In his time the Ottoman turks were an incredible force. Different rulers like of spain and different nations feared him. They called him a lion.He was known as Sultan Suleiman, the magnificient. He govern nerly for a long time (1520-1566).He was an incredible ruler. Around then Muslims were an extraordinary force. In his time Ottoman Empire was the biggest and most grounded ever .Like the vast majority of the prior sultans he was additionally a decent warrier. He was known as "lawgiver" since he was exceptionally savvy. He had an incredible enthusiasm for perusing books and composing poetry.He was an awesome writer. We can likewise see his sonnets in the exhibition hall of Topkapi Museum. His leisure activity was to slice wonderful stones and to shape them into type of gems. He cherished doing that.His most vital work was to overcome the colossal city of Belgrade. In 1529, he was documented to overcome the city of Vienna however his armed force made immense gainsin Asia and Africa. Stool Empire spread from Budapest to Baghdad ,and from Crimea to the waterway of Nile. His Topkapi castle is in the focal point of Istanbul. It is the main city that is between two continents.Half a portion of it is in Europe and other half part is in Asia. He made Constantinople a focal point of expressions and learning.He utilized Sinan, one of the best engineer .

SULTAN SULEIMAN"THE MAGNIFICENT"

He also designed the famous mosque of Sultan ,which is called Suleimaniyah Mosque.

THE MUGHAL EMPIRE

ZAHIR-UD-DIN MUHAMMAD BABAR:

Zahir-ud-clamor Muhammad babar was the primary muslim pioneer to assault the Dehli Sultanate. His moniker was babar. Babar mean tiger. His epithet suited him to such an extent as he was extremely savvy, overcome and was exceptionally dynamic. He was as bold as tiger as well as was amicable, chipper and an incredible pioneer. He asked a ton ofhis fighters yet they respected him and obeyed him. Babar had little to do with south Asia.The name Mughal originates from the way that he was slid from the Mongols Chingiz khan and , however he thought himself a Turkish. He know how to compose Turkish and how to talk it. He composed his acclaimed book baburnama, telling individuals that how he succeeded his dad at twelve years old. His dad was the leader of Farghana, now it is known as Uzbekistan. His primary trust was to win Timur's sanctuary at Samarkand. Twice he won Samarkand and twice he lost it. He let us know in baburnama that he wanted to go to china however soon he bobbed back and vanquished Kabul in 1504. The following a quarter century spent clutching Kabul however neglecting to win Samarkand. Babar's armed force was just 12,000 in number yet it had battled numerous fights and had present day weapons, including guns and muskets.Zahir-ud-commotion Muhammad babar was the principal muslim pioneer to assault the Dehli Sultanate. His moniker was babar. Babar mean tiger. His epithet suited him to such an extent as he was exceptionally smart, overcome and was extremely dynamic. He was as fearless as tiger as well as was cordial, sprightly and an awesome pioneer. He asked a ton ofhis fighters however they appreciated him and obeyed him. Babar had little to do with south Asia.The name Mughal originates from the way that he was plunged from the Mongols Chingiz khan and , however he thought himself a Turkish. He know how to compose Turkish and how to talk it. He composed his popular book baburnama, telling individuals that how he succeeded his dad at twelve years old. His dad was the leader of Farghana, now it is known as Uzbekistan. His fundamental trust was to win Timur's sanctuary at Samarkand. Twice he won Samarkand and twice he lost it. He let us know in baburnama that he wanted to go to china yet soon he skiped back and vanquished Kabul in 1504. The following a quarter century spent clutching Kabul yet neglecting to win Samarkand. Babar's armed force was just 12,000 in number however it had battled numerous fights and had current weapons, including guns and rifles.

PANIPAT WAR 1526: 
Babar turned his fascination toward the Dehli Sultanate .In 1526,he walked on Dehli.At that time Ibrahim Lodhi was the sultna of Dehli. Ibrahim Lodhi had an expansive armed force maybe ten time bigger than armed force of Babar.Lodhi obstructed the method for Barbar's armed force at the residential area, Panipat, thus named Panipat war. Ibrahim propelled thinking about a simple victory.But he confronted extraordinary harm and his troops fizzled him.The Afghan mounted force hovered around him and assaulted from behind. Babar's firearms damaged and also making a frightful commotion. No less than 15,000 to 16,000 adversaries were executed in the war. Babar took control of Dehli and send his child Humayun to Agra to take he sultan's fortune. He partitioned the teasure among nobles,his armed force and send some of it to the heavenly urban communities of Makkah and Madina. 

Babar's most unsafe adversary was Rana Sangha who in 1527 hindered his approach to Agra.babar was not perplexed but rather his armed force lose heart before the fight.He raised the spirits of his armed force by saying that Lodhi was a hindu and it is there obligation to overcome infidel.He further that on the off chance that they were murdered then they will get the paradise and demise with some reason for existing is superior to the existence with no purpose.His discourse had the impact he wanted.He futher made them pledged on the Holy Quran that they will battle for some purpose.The Mughal troops battle with incredible mettle before Rana's armed force .They the war again simply like in Panipat. Their domain extended from Kabul in the west to the Bengal in the east.Babar was an amazing leader.He was a great general and his babarnama indicates him to have been a savvy man who concentrated on the world nearly and learnt from his mistakes.He kicked the bucket at the age of 48,in 1530.He was covered in a patio nursery in Kabul.

MUHAMMAD BIN QASIM (MUSLIM HERO)

The principal muslims to settle along the coast were the shippers exchanging along the coast.At that time Arabian ocean was the place of pirates.This was under the control of Raja Dahir,a Hindu king.The privateers used to plundar ships carring explorers and gifts.Hajjaj Bin Yousaf requested that Raja Dahir rebuff the pirates.Raja Dahir answered that he could do nothing in such manner and rejected hajjaj orders.After further assaults ,Hajjaj send armed force to Sindh under the control of leader,who was just 17 years old.His name was Muhammad Bin Qasim.He was young man who was exceptionally overcome ,gave and was sufficiently astute to vanquish sindh alone.He was nephew and later child in law of Hajjaj Bin Yousaf. In spite of his young age he had demonstrated his ability as a goveroner in Persia.

Muhammad Bin Qasim 

Clash OF RAWAR: 
Muhammad Bin Qasim showed himself as a decent leader.As we as a whole realize that muslims are extremely overcome and indicate brotherhood.The spouse and mother of Muhammad canister Qasim give all their adornments and cash to help the army.In this same way every one of the muslims young ladies rehash the same.Young men get conceded themselved in the army.The primary motivation to ensd an immense armed force to Sindh was a young lady who requested help.So, Hajjaj Bin Yousaf send his nephew for such a hazardous battle.At Debel(Old name of Karachi,in Pakistan)he battled intrepidly and took control of the city.At Rawar,he battled was Raja Dahir ,he was riding on a pale skinned person elephant.His elephant went into the stream because of a let go bolt and dahir needed to battle on foot.Soon he was killed and Muhammad container Qasim finished the city with Islamic ruled,He was so kind and liberal that Hindues were awed by his kind and liberal conduct and get to be muslims ,they started to love Islam and their brilliant rules.Some Hindus made statue of him however forming is precluded in Islam so,Muhammad Bin Qasim broke all statue with his own particular sword.But the general population of the considerable number of religions were to love as they want.As it is a guideline of Islam to permit the minorities to revere as they want.He was a fair ruler.He was regarded all through the world.His armed force was likewise kind to people.He was just 17 years of age around then.

Demise OF GREAT GENERAL: 

Sadly,Muhammad Bin Qasim turned into a casualty of intrigue.After, the demise of Hajjaj,the new legislative leader of Iraq requested him back and place him into death.Becase ,he was a sharp adversary of him and was desirous of him and his success.He realize that he will be put into death, numerous individuals do whatever it takes not to about-face but rather it was againt his duty.He acknowledged the requests and did a reversal. 
Later,after the demise of awesome general,Sindh remained the part of the Ummayad and Abbasid caliphates,who were designated its new governors.These governors were not as much overcome as youthful Muhammad receptacle Qasim.These governors requested that numerous Hindu nobles help them run the region. Sindh was extremely rich.It send gold to the leaders of Iraq.

MOHANJO DARO (PAKISTAN)

Mohanjo daro is a chronicled place situated close to Larkana,Sindh,Pakistan.It was implicit 2500 B.C.It is one of the excellent city speaking to the Indus civilization.It is a standout amongst the most soonest city of the world.It was manufactured abour 5000 years back and was demolished because of surge and other characteristic catastrophes some hundres years ago,The Indus Valley was home to the biggest of the four old urban developments of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China.According to archeologists the world's initially arranged city was decimated no less than seven times by surges in its antiquated history.Since 1986, the joint Pakistani American Harappa Archeological Research Project (HARP) has been completing the main real unearthings at the site in forty years. Mohenjo-daro was found in 1920 .The city was settled in around 2500 preceding Christ .It was tafth the greater part of his time, and biggest city .Mohenjo-daro implies " hill of dead individuals " .Everyone is astonished to see this urban arrangement .Mohenjo daru is situated at a separation of 28 km from Larkana in Sindh .

It is on the west of Indus stream in Larkana District.It is one the biggest city of Indus Civilization.Sir .Johan Marshal began burrowing there and found the city.It is observed that it used to be a very much created city of that time.Sewage framework was additionally good.Swimming pool is likewise discovered .It is around 2.5 meter profound with stairs also.This city was all around created and the most developed city in the antiquated world.There was a gigantic crevice between the dividers of the neighboring houses and structures loaded with earth and sand which spare it from the eathquake like common calamities.

TOYS:

Children used to play with toys.These were made from clay and sand.wheel was also discovered.We can see the remains left after the natural disasters in the Mohanjo daro museum.This museum is so quite and peaceful just like mohanjo daro.Tourists come every day to see its beautiful and eye cathing things.In the olg age people fiht with each other like todays,but they used to fight and protect them using saws,arrows,bows,and cutters.They love to travel from one city to other for the sake of trade.They bring new things from other cities.For home purposes they use bronze,clay utensils as shown in the old pictures.They love sculpturing .Therefore,we now see sculptures and statues of different people including kings,dancing girls,ordinary people,kids etc.They were also familiar with the animals like lions,tigers,buffalos,fish and many more.Because we can also see the pictures of different wild and domestic animals on their coins.Games were also played and loved by the harrapan people .Their game was very similar to chess.Same board ,same tools and most likely same rules.

MUSEUM:

There is a museum near Mohanjo daro  which displays the valuable belonging of people of mohanjo daro.Millions of people visit it to see the beauty of Indus civilization.It has a close resemblence with Egyptian civilization.

 Mohanjo daro pic,on a ten rupee note (Pakistani currency)

 Clay utensils

 Game;that people used to play

 Statue of King

 Remains of people

NOOR MAHAL (PAKISTAN)

Noor Mahal (Palace) is situated in Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.Bahawalpur is a wonderful city. It is otherwise called city of palaces.As there are numerous brilliant royal residences in that city.Some of them are : Noor Mahal,Darbar Mahal,Mahal at Dera Nawab,Gulzar Mahal and numerous others.Nawab is so well known in taht city that numerous renowned things are identified with his name.A enormous park Gulzar-e-sadiq is additionally on his name.Similarly,the celebrated instructive establishment Sadiq Public school is on his name.It is acclaimed in nation as well as it is popular all through the world.Many smart understudies come to get conceded in it.Among the celebrated castles the prominant one is Noor Mahal.It is an excellent royal residence which was constucted in 1872 under the requests of Nawab Of Bahawalpur Janab Sadiq Muhammad Khan Abbasi .It was finished in 1875.Mr.Heennan was the modeler. 

It is one of the concealed jewels of Bahawalpur.It is covered up because of absence of publicity.however,it draws in a great many vacationer each year.It look eminent all the time however its perspective around evening time appears to be magnificent and eye catching.hundreds of globules lit up the Mahal(palace) and make the seen splendid.There are different stories in regards to it.It is said that the Nawab constructed the royal residence for his wife,but she just spent a night there,as she happened to see a connecting burial ground from her gallery and she declined to live there.And it stayed close in his time.1.2 millions were spent in his construcion.When we enter the castle territory we see an expansive garden wonderfully decorated.And on entering the principle working of the royal residence we see a gallary which is loaded with old surrounded photographs of Nawab Sadiq Muhammad Khan Abbasi.After passinh it we see a gigantic lobby which is the spot where nawab used to lead his Court.Here the Chairs,throne of nawab,pillars everything is eye caching.In the mid of the court on the roof there hung a colossal Fanoos with precious stone trimmed on it.One day,it fell on the floor and we can see the marble tiles broken from that place.The rooftop is made with bloom outlines yet there is no utilization of counterfeit shading in it at all.Real blossom hues are utilized to adorn the material. This is something unique og Noor Mahal .A hundred year old piano which the Nawab of Bahawalpur used to play is likewise present in its own particular origional position.Its keys are in their origional position.Some of its room on second floor are still shut which incorporate Nawab rooms and possibly his darling spouse room.A complete portion,you can say,is shut and open is not permitted to visit it.

 

 

                    His Excellency,Nawab sadiq

                   Muhammand Khan Abbasi

Every year hundreds of schools,colleges and universities arrange trips for its visit.It is a beutiful historical palace to visit.Major of its roms are used as a guest rooms.It is now under the control of  Pak Army.There is a museum also which displays Nawab Sadiq things including old coins,currency notes,swords,furniture,piano and many more.